Lesiones del nervio torácico largo de Bell. Revisión de conceptos terapéuticos / Long thoracic nerve of Bell. Review of therapeutic management

Las lesiones del nervio torácico producen parálisis del serrato anterior y originan una deformidad característica (escápula alata), que genera debilidad y alteraciones importantes en la movilidad del hombro. En esta revisión, se analizan conceptos sobre anatomía, etiología, presentación clínica y alternativas terapéuticas.

The long thoracic nerve injuries are manifested by a characteristic deformity called scapula alata, causing weakness, and impaired shoulder mobility. In this review current concepts of the anatomy, etiology, clinical presentation and therapeutic management are analyzed.

Dismorfia de genitales externos en la población pediátrica / Dysmorphia external genitalia in the pediatric population

El procedimiento estético más común de los genitales femeninos es la reducción de los labios menores (labioplastía). Cada vez son más las niñas y mujeres jóvenes que prestan especial atención a la apariencia estética de sus genitales externos. La causa más común de hipertrofia es probablemente la congénita. Las mujeres afectadas habitualmente sufren vergüenza social y preocupación estética. Existen numerosas técnicas para la corrección quirúrgica en la literatura médica, aunque ningún método es superior a otro. Se presentan dos casos de dismorfia de labios menores en adolescentes. En un caso, de dismorfia congénita, se utilizó la técnica de reducción en ancho y en largo mediante desepitelización y resección en cuña inferior. Esta asociación proporciona un cierre libre de tensión y asegura una vascularización adecuada del borde del colgajo superior, lo que disminuiría el riesgo de dehiscencia de herida. En el otro caso, secuela de trauma, se reimplantó el labio afectado con resección del tercio distal del mismo. En ambas pacientes los resultados estéticos fueron satisfactorios...

The most common cosmetic procedure of the female genitalia is the labia minora reduction (labiaplasty). There are more and more girls and young women, with special attention to the aesthetic appearance of their external genitalia. The most common cause of hypertrophy is likely to congenital. Affected women usually suffer social shame and aesthetic concerns. There are numerous techniques for surgical correction in the medical literature, although no method is superior to another. Two cases of a minor dysmorphic teen lips are presented. In one case, a congenital dysmorphic, we used the reduction technique in width and in length by epithelialization and lower wedge resection. This partnership provides tension-free closure and ensures proper vascularization of the upper edge flap, which would reduce the risk wound dehiscence. In the other case, sequel to trauma, the affected lip were treated with resection of the distal portion. In both patients the aesthetic results were satisfactory...

Traumatismo da medula espinhal em cães e gatos: estudo prospectivo de 57 casos / Spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats: prospective study of 57 cases

O traumatismo da medula espinhal é uma causa comum de disfunção neurológica em cães e gatos. Lesões nestas espécies ocorrem devido a vários tipos de acidentes, podendo ocasionar sequelas que prejudicam o paciente como animais de estimação ou lesões que comprometam a vida. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi a monitoração intensiva de animais com lesão medular atendidos entre 8/2009 e 11/2010 no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, estudando os fatores epidemiológicos e etiológicos, fatores de risco, segmentos medulares mais afetados, resultados dos tratamentos conservativo ou cirúrgico, relação entre o tempo de atendimento e a recuperação do animal, eficácia e efeitos colaterais do succinato sódico de metilprednisolona, complicações, sequelas e evolução do quadro. Durante este período foram acompanhados 57 animais (48 cães e nove gatos). Observou-se predominância de animais machos (68%) e domiciliados (79%). A principal causa de lesão foi o atropelamento (66%). O tempo entre o trauma e o atendimento foi menos de oito horas em 42% dos casos e mais de um dia em 51%. O segmento medular mais atingido foi o toracolombar (52%). Vinte animais foram submetidos à eutanásia após o atendimento inicial devido ao prognóstico reservado. O tratamento conservativo com repouso e/ou imobilização externa foi realizado em 29 animais e um bom resultado com esta modalidade foi obtida em 72,4% dos casos: houve recuperação funcional total em 17 (58,6%) animais e parcial em quatro (13,8%). Quatro animais não se recuperaram e quatro animais morreram. Oito pacientes foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico, sendo que três animais recuperaram-se, um paciente não apresentou recuperação e quatro morreram ou foram submetidos a eutanásia devido a complicações no trans ou pós-operatório. O tratamento conservativo foi viável, principalmente em cães com lesão medular cervical.

Spinal cord injury is a common cause of neurological dysfunction in dogs and cats. Lesions in these species are due to various types of accident, which can cause sequelae that impair the patient for life as a pet, or cause life-threatening injury. The main purpose of this work was the accompaniment of animals with spinal cord trauma seen from August 2009 to November 2010 at the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual de Londrina, studying the epidemiology and etiology, risk factors, spinal cord segments most affected, outcome of conservative or surgical treatment, ratio of time of patient care with recovery, efficacy and side effects of neuroprotective drugs, complications, sequels and evolution of patients. During this period we monitored 57 animals (48 dogs and nine cats). We observed a predominance of males (68%) and indoors (79%). The main cause of injury was being hit by a car (66%). The time between injury and first attendance was less than eight hours in 42% of cases and more than a day in 51%. The spinal segment most affected was the thoracolumbar (52%). Twenty animals were euthanized after the initial attendance due to poor prognosis. The conservative treatment such as rest and/or external immobilization was performed on 29 animals, and a good outcome was seen in 72.4% of this patients: total functional recovery was observed in 17 (58.6%) animals and partial functional recovery was seen in four (13.8%). Four animals did not recover, and four animals died. Surgical treatment was performed in eight patients, and three animals recovered, one patient did not recover and four animals died or were subjected to euthanasia due to complications during intraoperative or postoperative period. Conservative treatment was a viable therapy, mainly in dogs with cervical spinal cord trauma.

Winged Scapula Caused by Rhomboideus and Trapezius Muscles Rupture Associated with Repetitive Minor Trauma: A Case Report

We experienced a rare case of winged scapula that was caused by the rupture of the rhomboideus major and the lower trapezius muscles without any nerve injury in a 12 yr old female after she had carried a heavy backpack. Electrodiagnostic study revealed that the onset latencies, amplitudes and conduction velocities were normal in the long thoracic nerve, the spinal accessory nerve and the dorsal scapular nerve. The needle EMG findings were normal as well. An explorative operation was performed and the rupture of the rhomboideus major and lower trapezius muscles was detected. Direct surgical repair of the ruptured muscle was carried out and the deformity was corrected. The anatomical and functional restoration was satisfactorily accomplished.